However, no longitudinal associations were found between the rates of change in MDS and children’s sleep and adjustment (EB and IB). Higher levels of MDS at four were associated with higher levels of child EB, IB, and SPs, concurrently. Second, greater decreases in SPs were associated with greater decline in EB and IB. First, children who slept longer at four were concurrently associated with lower levels of EB, while more SPs were associated with higher levels of EB and IB, concurrently. For this purpose, latent growth modeling (LGM) was conducted using 2012(W5) to 2014(W7) data from the National Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC), while controlling for family contextual factors (i.e., responsive parenting, developmental stimulations, and marital conflict) and child temperament (children’s negative emotionality). This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations between children’s sleep duration (SD) and problems (SPs), behavioral adjustment, and maternal depressive symptoms (MDS) in preschoolers over a period of 3 years (4–6 years of age). Sleeping and eating habits, electronic devices in the bedroom, and a low level of engagement with PSA are associated with children’s sleep disturbance and shorter sleep duration. The main factors we identified to be positively associated with a child’s sleep deficit (i.e., <10 h) were: being older than 7 years, living further away from school, having electronic devices in the bedroom, going to bed and eating dinner later, less daily time of PSA, and having higher scores on the sleep duration subscales.
The prevalence of global sleep disturbances was 25.8%. The mean sleep duration was 9 h 37 min/ per night (SD = 44 min). Sleep habits and problems were assessed using the short version of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). This study involved 1438 primary students. This study aims to characterise the sleep habits of Portuguese primary school children considering socioeconomic factors, daily lifestyle, presence of electronic devices in the bedrooms, and the practice of physical and sports activity (PSA) and to identify clinical factors that may be related to a child’s insufficient sleeping time. Sleep disorders have significant health impacts and affect children’s performance and wellbeing.
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